Opis: Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics - Themis Matsoukas

The Clear, Well-Organized Introduction to Thermodynamics Theory and Calculations for All Chemical Engineering Undergraduate Students This text is designed to make thermodynamics far easier for undergraduate chemical engineering students to learn, and to help them perform thermodynamic calculations with confidence. Drawing on his award-winning courses at Penn State, Dr. Themis Matsoukas focuses on "why" as well as "how." He offers extensive imagery to help students conceptualize the equations, illuminating thermodynamics with more than 100 figures, as well as 190 examples from within and beyond chemical engineering. Part I clearly introduces the laws of thermodynamics with applications to pure fluids. Part II extends thermodynamics to mixtures, emphasizing phase and chemical equilibrium. Throughout, Matsoukas focuses on topics that link tightly to other key areas of undergraduate chemical engineering, including separations, reactions, and capstone design. More than 300 end-of-chapter problems range from basic calculations to realistic environmental applications; these can be solved with any leading mathematical software. Coverage includes * Pure fluids, PVT behavior, and basic calculations of enthalpy and entropy * Fundamental relationships and the calculation of properties from equations of state * Thermodynamic analysis of chemical processes * Phase diagrams of binary and simple ternary systems * Thermodynamics of mixtures using equations of state * Ideal and nonideal solutions * Partial miscibility, solubility of gases and solids, osmotic processes * Reaction equilibrium with applications to single and multiphase reactionsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xix Nomenclature xxi Part I: Pure Fluids 1 Chapter 1: Scope and Language of Thermodynamics 3 1.1 Molecular Basis of Thermodynamics 5 1.2 Statistical versus Classical Thermodynamics 11 1.3 Definitions 13 1.4 Units 22 1.5 Summary 26 1.6 Problems 26 Chapter 2: Phase Diagrams of Pure Fluids 29 2.1 The PVT Behavior of Pure Fluid 29 2.2 Tabulation of Properties 40 2.3 Compressibility Factor and the ZP Graph 43 2.4 Corresponding States 45 2.5 Virial Equation 53 2.6 Cubic Equations of State 57 2.7 PVT Behavior of Cubic Equations of State 61 2.8 Working with Cubic Equations 64 2.9 Other Equations of State 67 2.10 Thermal Expansion and Isothermal Compression 71 2.11 Empirical Equations for Density 72 2.12 Summary 77 2.13 Problems 78 Chapter 3: Energy and the First Law 87 3.1 Energy and Mechanical Work 88 3.2 Shaft Work and PV Work 90 3.3 Internal Energy and Heat 96 3.4 First Law for a Closed System 98 3.5 Elementary Paths 101 3.6 Sensible Heat-Heat Capacities 109 3.7 Heat of Vaporization 119 3.8 Ideal-Gas State 124 3.9 Energy Balances and Irreversible Processes 133 3.10 Summary 139 3.11 Problems 140 Chapter 4: Entropy and the Second Law 149 4.1 The Second Law in a Closed System 150 4.2 Calculation of Entropy 153 4.3 Energy Balances Using Entropy 163 4.4 Entropy Generation 167 4.5 Carnot Cycle 168 4.6 Alternative Statements of the Second Law 177 4.7 Ideal and Lost Work 183 4.8 Ambient Surroundings as a Default Bath-Exergy 189 4.9 Equilibrium and Stability 191 4.10 Molecular View of Entropy 195 4.11 Summary 199 4.12 Problems 201 Chapter 5: Calculation of Properties 205 5.1 Calculus of Thermodynamics 205 5.2 Integration of Differentials 213 5.3 Fundamental Relationships 214 5.4 Equations for Enthalpy and Entropy 217 5.5 Ideal-Gas State 219 5.6 Incompressible Phases 220 5.7 Residual Properties 222 5.8 Pressure-Explicit Relations 228 5.9 Application to Cubic Equations 230 5.10 Generalized Correlations 235 5.11 Reference States 236 5.12 Thermodynamic Charts 242 5.13 Summary 245 5.14 Problems 246 Chapter 6: Balances in Open Systems 251 6.1 Flow Streams 252 6.2 Mass Balance 253 6.3 Energy Balance in Open System 255 6.4 Entropy Balance 258 6.5 Ideal and Lost Work 266 6.6 Thermodynamics of Steady-State Processes 272 6.7 Power Generation 295 6.8 Refrigeration 301 6.9 Liquefaction 309 6.10 Unsteady-State Balances 315 6.11 Summary 323 6.12 Problems 324 Chapter 7: VLE of Pure Fluid 337 7.1 Two-Phase Systems 337 7.2 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 340 7.3 Fugacity 343 7.4 Calculation of Fugacity 345 7.5 Saturation Pressure from Equations of State 353 7.6 Phase Diagrams from Equations of State 356 7.7 Summary 358 7.8 Problems 360 Part II: Mixtures 367 Chapter 8: Phase Behavior of Mixtures 369 8.1 The Txy Graph 370 8.2 The Pxy Graph 373 8.3 Azeotropes 380 8.4 The xy Graph 381 8.5 VLE at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures 383 8.6 Partially Miscible Liquids 384 8.7 Ternary Systems 390 8.8 Summary 393 8.9 Problems 394 Chapter 9: Properties of Mixtures 401 9.1 Composition 402 9.2 Mathematical Treatment of Mixtures 404 9.3 Properties of Mixing 409 9.4 Mixing and Separation 411 9.5 Mixtures in the Ideal-Gas State 413 9.6 Equations of State for Mixtures 419 9.7 Mixture Properties from Equations of State 421 9.8 Summary 428 9.9 Problems 428 Chapter 10: Theory of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 435 10.1 Gibbs Free Energy of Mixture 435 10.2 Chemical Potential 439 10.3 Fugacity in a Mixture 443 10.4 Fugacity from Equations of State 446 10.5 VLE of Mixture Using Equations of State 448 10.6 Summary 453 10.7 Problems 454 Chapter 11: Ideal Solution 461 11.1 Ideality in Solution 461 11.2 Fugacity in Ideal Solution 464 11.3 VLE in Ideal Solution-Raoult's Law 466 11.4 Energy Balances 475 11.5 Noncondensable Gases 480 11.6 Summary 484 11.7 Problems 484 Chapter 12: Nonideal Solutions 489 12.1 Excess Properties 489 12.2 Heat Effects of Mixing 496 12.3 Activity Coefficient 504 12.4 Activity Coefficient and Phase Equilibrium 507 12.5 Data Reduction: Fitting Experimental Activity Coefficients 512 12.6 Models for the Activity Coefficient 515 12.7 Summary 531 12.8 Problems 533 Chapter 13: Miscibility, Solubility, and Other Phase Equilibria 545 13.1 Equilibrium between Partially Miscible Liquids 545 13.2 Gibbs Free Energy and Phase Splitting 548 13.3 Liquid Miscibility and Temperature 556 13.4 Completely Immiscible Liquids 558 13.5 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 563 13.6 Solubility of Solids in Liquids 575 13.7 Osmotic Equilibrium 580 13.8 Summary 586 13.9 Problems 586 Chapter 14: Reactions 593 14.1 Stoichiometry 593 14.2 Standard Enthalpy of Reaction 596 14.3 Energy Balances in Reacting Systems 601 14.4 Activity 606 14.5 Equilibrium Constant 614 14.6 Composition at Equilibrium 622 14.7 Reaction and Phase Equilibrium 624 14.8 Reaction Equilibrium Involving Solids 629 14.9 Multiple Reactions 632 14.10 Summary 636 14.11 Problems 637 Bibliography 647 Appendix A: Critical Properties of Selected Compounds 649 Appendix B: Ideal-Gas Heat Capacities 653 Appendix C: Standard Enthalpy and Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction 655 Appendix D: UNIFAC Tables 659 Appendix E: Steam Tables 663 Index 677

Szczegóły: Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics - Themis Matsoukas

Tytuł: Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
Autor: Themis Matsoukas
Producent: Prentice Hall
ISBN: 9780132693066
Rok produkcji: 2012
Ilość stron: 720
Oprawa: Twarda
Waga: 1.28 kg

Recenzje: Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics - Themis Matsoukas