Opis: Photovoltaic Laboratory - Peter Parrish

Photovoltaic Laboratory: Safety, Code-Compliance, and Commercial Off-the-Shelf Equipment is the only textbook that offers students the opportunity to design, build, test, and troubleshoot practical PV systems based on commercially available equipment. Complete with electrical schematics, layouts, and step-by-step installation instructions, this hands-on laboratory manual: * Promotes "safety first" by covering working in extreme weather conditions, personal protective equipment, working at heights, electrical safety, and power tool safety * Includes chapters on trade math, DC/AC electrical circuits, and assessing a property for a photovoltaic system (e.g., surveying the available space, shading, and solar harvest) * Discusses aspects of mechanical and electric integration specific to different roof types, and characterizing a PV module under different levels of irradiation and ambient temperature * Addresses the design, installation, and testing of off-grid PV systems with DC-only loads and with DC and AC loads, as well as 2.4 kw DC grid-tied PV systems with microinverters and string inverters * Trains students on exactly the sort of equipment that they will encounter in the field, so they gain valuable experience and skills that translate directly to real-world applications Photovoltaic Laboratory: Safety, Code-Compliance, and Commercial Off-the-Shelf provides in-depth, project-driven instruction on everything from attaching brackets and flashing to modeling PV cells, modules, and arrays. This textbook is ideal preparation for those seeking a career in the PV industry-from system installers and designers to quality assurance and sales/marketing personnel. "This book helps fill a shortage in modern support material for technical education and training for the rapidly growing photovoltaics systems industry. It is particularly appropriate for the very active US market, since aspects such as regulation and roof structure are regionally specific and some units of measurement in the book are used only in the US and a few other locations, but there is much here to learn for trainee technical staff all over the world. The style is appropriately informal and anecdotal for the technical education levels at which it is directed. The pedagogical concern and experience of the author is evident, for example, in a focus on understanding the principles through simpler tools than the excellent SunEye, for shading analysis." -Richard Corkish, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia "The approach [of this book] is good. Making sure the students know enough math and electrical theory is essential if they are to understand the subsequent material. The emphasis on safety is very important and putting it up front makes that point. I like the fact that the book provides material for other important photovoltaic (PV) activity, since if a system is not sold, then it will not be installed." -Roger Messenger, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA "The material is written in easy-to-understand layman's terms while focusing on multiple career areas. I believe this allows instructors the ability to draw from the material what they need in order to provide effective training for the specific career(s) that they may be instructing students for. The materials are written in a simplistic format that should allow students to easily follow the materials while working on the labs. I believe that having the sections on safety and related mathematics is integral to producing successful students. Many of the texts that I have reviewed/used do not have these components and present materials with the assumption that either instructors will automatically cover these materials or that students come to the class with this knowledge already in place. ... [This is] a very well-written book that can be integrated into most solar PV training applications. It covers concepts in a well-thought-out manner that follows a logical progression that builds on basics and works upward from there. This logical progression should allow students to easily and successfully progress through the concepts being presented." -Daniel M. Sherry, Alamo Colleges, St. Philip's College, San Antonio, Texas, USA "Overall, this is a good book on the laboratory component of photovoltaics. It contains safety, handling, and measurement procedures for photovoltaic (PV) experiments. ... The exercises and PV content are good and well described. Several simulation programs are included." -Tapas Kumar Mallick, Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, UK "This book is interesting and useful, as it covers aspects of solar cells work that is not usually covered in other textbooks. The information provided is very practical and would be useful for a wide range of personnel involved in solar cells installation and design." -Yeng Ming Lam, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporePreface Acknowledgments Introduction How to Use This Textbook The Author Safety Introduction Student Learning Objectives Working in Extreme Weather Conditions The Hot, Dry Climate The Cold Climate Understanding Heat Stress Heat Exhaustion-Symptoms and Appropriate Responses Heat Stroke-Symptoms and Appropriate Responses Dehydration-Symptoms and Appropriate Responses Hypothermia-Symptoms and Appropriate Responses Frostbite-Symptoms and Appropriate Responses Preventing Heat or Cold Stress General Safety Training Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Eye Protection and Gloves Protective Helmets (a/k/a Hard Hats) Aprons Footwear Working at Heights Safety Barriers Guardrail Systems Safety Netting Personal Fall Arrest: Body Harnesses Rescue Plan Ladders and Ladder Safety Electrical Safety Overhead Power Lines Operating Electrical Equipment Moving and Carrying Heavy Objects Roofs and Attics Lockout/Tagout Safety Posters Notes References Trade Math for PV-Measurements, Units, and Calculations Introduction Student Learning Objectives The Decimal System of Notation Scientific Notation (Exponential Notation [Base 10]) Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, and Dividing in SN Multiplication and Division Addition and Subtraction Metric System and Prefixes Nonstandard Units of Measure Rational Fractions, Decimal Fractions, Ratios, and Percentages A-B Comparison Change of a Value (over Time) Student Exercises A-B Comparison Significant Digits and Precision Conversion from Metric Units to Imperial (English) Units and Back Basic Algebra Ohm's Law Watt's Law Order of Operations Trigonometry of Right Triangles The Right Triangle The Pythagorean Theorem Calculations Involving the Pythagorean Theorem The Three Trigonometric Functions Evaluating the Angle theta and Inverse Trigonometric Functions Reciprocal Trigonometric Functions Length, Area, and Volume The Celestial Sphere Analyzing Word Problems Mastering the Use of a Calculator Addition and Subtraction Multiplication and Division Trigonometry Measurements of DC and AC Electrical Circuits Introduction DC Electrical Circuits AC Electrical Circuits Student Learning Objectives Setup The Calculator Electrical Components Measurement Instruments Other Equipment The DC Electrical Circuit-An Abstraction Basic Electrical Concepts-Analogy with Water Flow Charge Current Current Continuity Voltage Resistance Additional Circuit Concepts-Power, Energy, Time, Frequency Power Energy Time and Frequency Summary of Circuit Concepts Nominal Specifications DMM Measurement Accuracy Absolute Calibration of Measurement Instruments-Standards Student Exercises Measuring the Voltage Standard Color Coding for Resistors Measuring Resistance with the DMM Measuring DC Voltage with the DMM Single Batteries Multiple Batteries-In Series and in Parallel Bench Power Supply Powering a 12 V LED Powering a 10 OMEGA, 50 W Resistor AC Circuit Theory What Is a Sinusoidal Signal? Electrical Utility Service Measuring a 120/240 VAC 200 A Split-Phase Service Panel 120 VAC Branch Circuit (L1 or L2) 240 VAC Branch Circuit (L1 and L2) Measuring Current in a 120 VAC Branch Circuit Measuring the Voltage, Current, Power, and Energy of a 120 VAC Outlet Notes The Site Survey Introduction Student Learning Objectives Organization of This Lab Prior Activities Preliminary Technical Sales Proposal Sample Module Rows Determination of All Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) The Virtual Site Survey Resources Example of a Site Survey County Assessor's Map Sketch of the Property Including House Documentation of Roof Sections Site Survey Document Student Exercises Student Site Survey Rafter/Truss and Attic Details Main Service Panel Use of a Subpanel Locations for Other Major Components Grounding of Electrical Service Trenching Shading Analysis Performing a Manual Shading Analysis Using the SolarPathfiner Performing an Advanced Shading Analysis Using the SolarPathfiner Performing a Shading Analysis Using the Solmetric SunEye Summary Notes Racking Systems-General Considerations Introduction Student Learning Objectives Setup Portrait Versus Landscape Layouts Positioning the Rails and Brackets The 25% and 75% Rule Maximum Bracket Spacing Standard Residential Rafter/Truss Spacing Constraints on Portrait Orientation Constraints on Landscape Orientation Case Study: The 60-Cell, 156 mm Square Cell PV Module Design of Layout for a Single PV Module Small Mock Roof Details Locating the Rafters Pull-Out Strength of Lag Bolts Wind Forces on Roofs The "Simple" Approach Student Exercises Model Structures Calculations Based on Complicated Approach Roof-Specific Installation of Brackets Notes Appendix: Racking Systems on Asphalt Composition Shingle Roofs Introduction Student Learning Objectives Components Comprising the Racking System for Composition Shingle Roofs Setup Tools Needed for This Lab Student Exercises Design Layout for a Single PV Module Locating the Rafters Begin Layout Installing the Brackets Choice of Post Installing Flashing Dimensioning and Attaching the Rail Installing the PV Module Appendix: Racking Systems on Flat Concrete Tile Roofs Introduction Student Learning Objectives Components Comprising the Racking System for a Flat Concrete Tile Roof Setup Tools Needed for This Lab Student Exercises Locating the Rafters The PV Module Characterization of a PV Module Introduction Student Learning Objectives Setup The TiltAll Tripod Choice of PV Module-The Renogy RNG-100D Components and Instruments The Gnomon Digital Multimeter (DMM) Bead Wire Thermocouple and Black Electrician's Tape Clamp-on Ammeter Digital Infrared Thermometer Irradiance Meter Tilt Meter Torpedo Level Thermometer Calculator Student Exercises The Measurements Other Minor Dependencies Modeling the PV Cell, Module, and Array Preface The Standard Methodology Universal Constants: Cell Voltage and Cell Current Density Partial Shading of PV Modules and Bypass Diodes Overcurrent Protection in Three or More Strings High-Performance PV Modules Unity in the Data? How Many Cells in a Module? Commercial PV Module Electrical Characteristics Goals for This Laboratory Introduction Student Learning Objectives Simple Component Models in PSpice The Resistor Revisited The Voltage Source The Current Source The Diode Plotting the Diode I-V Characteristic Two-Element Model for the PV Cell I-V Characteristic for the PV Cell Separately Displaying the Source, Diode, and External Load Currents The Concept of Load Resistance Maximum Power Point (MPP) Cell Efficiency I-V and P-V Characteristics for Different Irradiance Values Equivalent Circuit for PV Cell Including Parasitic Resistances Temperature Dependence of PV Cell Characteristics-Voc Temperature Dependence of PV Cell Characteristics-Isc Student Exercises The PSpice Simulation Program The Spice Netlist Creating the Netlist Using MS Notepad Using MS Excel to Record and Plot Data Using the Power of PSpice Using the Voltage Source in Place of the Load Resistor The New Netlist Simulating a PV Module Composed of 36 Each of 6 in. Cells-The Renogy RNG-100D Adding the Parasitic Resistances Library Element "cell_1.lib" The Effects of Shading at the Cell Level Optional Exercises Lead-Acid Absorbent Glass Mat Batteries Introduction Student Learning Objectives Overview of Lead-Acid Batteries Markets for Pb-Acid Batteries The Automotive Market Conventional Traction Market Energy Storage Market Lead Alloys Comparison with Other Battery Technologies Characterizing the Pb-Acid Battery Nominal Battery Voltages Battery Capacity State of Charge and Depth of Discharge More on Battery Capacity Expected Life Cycles Three-Stage Charging Student Exercises Charging the PVX-840T Discharging the PVX-840T Notes Off-Grid PV System with DC-Only Loads Introduction Student Learning Objectives Overall Design Philosophy The Load Profile Days of Autonomy and Battery Energy Capacity Measuring the Depth of Discharge PV System Rating System Calculations-The Role of Energy Conversion Efficiency Charge Controller Efficiency Charging/Discharging Efficiency of AGM Battery Depth of Discharge and Life Cycles Student Exercises Load Profile Calculation Days of Autonomy Total Energy Requirement Charging/Discharging Efficiency of AGM Battery Charging Efficiency of Charge Controller Required Energy Storage in Battery Required Energy Delivery by PV System PV Subsystem Simulation Document Final System Configuration Balance of System Components and Conductor Sizing Battery Current PV Circuit Conductors Electrical Schematic and System Layout Layout The Pick List Hanging System Components Documenting the Final System System Certification Photographs System Documentation System Schematic System Layout System Certification Sheet Photograph of Integrated System Note Off-Grid PV System with DC and AC Loads Introduction Student Learning Objectives Overall Design Philosophy AC Loads DC Loads DC-to-DC Converters The Load Profile PV System Sizing Days of Autonomy Number of Battery Cycles System Calculations Student Exercises Load Profile Calculations Days of Autonomy Total Energy Requirement Sizing the Battery Subsystem Sizing the PV Module and Charge Controller PV Subsystem Simulation Document the Final System Configuration Electrical Schematic and System Layout Layout Hanging System Components Documenting the Final System Electrical Schematic Physical Layout Certification Measurements Photographs Owner's Manual 2.4 kW DC Grid-Tied PV System with Microinverters Introduction Student Learning Objectives Setup The Roof Racking Equipment Choice of PV Module Choice of Microinverter Simulation of PV Performance and Monitoring Personal Protective Equipment Materials and Tools High-Level Design Estimated Consumption Based on Electricity Bill History Estimated Consumption Based on Square Footage of Living Space Estimated Consumption Based on Load Profile Site Assessment Perform Shading Analysis Final PV Module Layout Roof Loading Calculations Mechanical Loading-The Live and Dead Loads Live Loads Dead Loads-PV System and Roof Dead Load of the Roof Material The Total Dead Load Calculation of Maximum Horizontal Span of a Roof Rafter Wind Loading Design Wind Pressure for the Site The SolarMount Code-Compliant Installation Manual 227.3 Basic Equation for Design Wind Loading for Components and Cladding Total Design Load (Downforce and Uplift) Calculating Uplift Force on Each Standoff and Comparing to Pullout Strength of Fasteners The Concept of Design (Safety) Margin Fire Marshal Setbacks Layout of PV System Single-Line and Four-Line Diagrams A Single-Line Diagram A Four-Line Diagram National Electrical Manufacturers Association Underwriters Laboratory The Difference between Four-Line and Single-Line Diagrams Installing Mechanical Subsystems-Standoffs, Flashing, and Rails Sketch of Layout in Notebook Transfer Sketch to Roof Attach Standoffs, Flashing, Rails, and AC Cable Documenting the Mechanical Subsystem-Standoffs, Flashing, and Rails Inputs from Roof Details-Optional Installing PV Modules, WEEB Grounding Clips, Microinverters, and AC Cabling The First Row The Installation Map Monitoring System Installing Balance of System Lightning and Surge Protection Installing the Enphase Monitoring System Connecting the Gateway to Enphase Internet Site Energizing the System Activating the System Certification Testing Troubleshooting Post-Start-up LED Indications Notes 2.4 kW DC Grid-Tied PV System with String Inverter Introduction Student Learning Objectives High-Level Design Requirement Setup String Sizing Resources for Weather Data for the Installation Site Checking for Maximum System Voltage Monitoring Four-Line and Single-Line Diagrams for the String Inverter System Modifying the Mechanical Subsystem Attic Penetration Installing Balance of System Lightning and Surge Protection Installing the TED Monitoring System Preparing the Main Service Panel Installing the MTU and Current Transformers Installing the Gateway Remote Display Footprints Software Setup Certification Testing Troubleshooting Appendix I: Small Mock Roofs Appendix II: Roll-Around Walls Appendix III: 21 ft. by 18 ft. Roof

Szczegóły: Photovoltaic Laboratory - Peter Parrish

Tytuł: Photovoltaic Laboratory
Autor: Peter Parrish
Wydawnictwo: Apple
ISBN: 9781482244434
Rok wydania: 2016
Ilość stron: 390
Oprawa: Miękka
Waga: 0.54 kg

Recenzje: Photovoltaic Laboratory - Peter Parrish