Opis: Fundamentals of General Organic - David S. Ballantine, John E. McMurry, Mary E. Castellion

For two-semester/three-quarter courses in General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, primarily for majors in Allied Health, and occasionally in Environmental Technology, Agriculture, and other majors. Rewritten throughout for enhanced clarity and readability without sacrificing content this highly student-oriented best-seller offers a focus on problem-solving and engaging discussions of relevant applications. It effectively covers the essentials of allied health chemistry without excessive and unnecessary detail, and puts chemistry in the context of everyday life. This revision features new co-author David Ballantine.Chapter 1: Matter and Life Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science 1.2 States of Matter 1.3 Classification of Matter 1.4 An Example of a Chemical Reaction Application: Chemicals, Toxicity and Risk 1.5 Chemical Elements and Symbols 1.6 Elements and the Periodic Table Application: Mercury and Mercury Poisoning Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 2: Measurements in Chemistry Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 2.1 Physical Quantities 2.2 Measuring Mass 2.3 Measuring Length and Volume 2.4 Measurement and Significant Figures Application: Apothecary Units 2.5 Scientific Notation Application: Powers of Ten 2.6 Rounding Off Numbers 2.7 Problem Solving: Converting a Quantity from One Unit to Another 2.8 Problem Solving: Estimating Answers 2.9 Measuring Temperature Application: Obesity: A Large Problem 2.10 Energy and Heat 2.11 Density Application: Measuring Body Fat 2.12 Specific Gravity Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 3: Atoms and the Periodic Table Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 3.1 Atomic Theory 3.2 Elements and Atomic Number 3.3 Isotopes and Atomic Weight 3.4 The Periodic Table Application: Are Atoms Real? 3.5 Some Characteristics of Different Groups Application: The Origin of Chemical Elements 3.6 Electron Structure of Atoms 3.7 Electronic Configurations 3.8 Electronic Configurations and the Periodic Table Application: Atoms and Light Connection: Art Conservator Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 4: Ionic Compounds Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 4.1 Ions 4.2 Periodic Properties and Ion Formation 4.3 Ionic Bonds 4.4 Some Properties of Ionic Compounds 4.5 Ions and the Octet Rule Application: Minerals and Gems 4.6 Electron-Dot Symbols 4.7 Ions of Some Common Elements 4.8 Naming Ions Application: Salt 4.9 Polyatomic Ions Application: Biologically Important Ions 4.10 Formulas of Ionic Compounds 4.11 Naming Ionic Compounds 4.12 H+ and OH- Ions: An Introduction to Acids and Bases Connection: Physical Therapist Application: Osteoporosis Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 5: Molecular Compounds Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 5.1 Covalent Bonds 5.2 Covalent Bonds and the Periodic Table 5.3 Multiple Covalent Bonds 5.4 Coordinate Covalent Bonds Application: Carbon Monoxide: A Surprising Molecule 5.5 Molecular Formulas and Lewis Structures 5.6 Drawing Lewis Structures 5.7 The Shapes of Molecules Application: VERY Big Molecules 5.8 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity 5.9 Polar Molecules 5.10 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Application: Damascenone, by Any Other Name, Would Smell as Sweet 5.11 Characteristics of Molecular Compounds Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions: Classification and Mass Relationships Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 6.1 Chemical Equations 6.2 Balancing Chemical Equations 6.3 Avogadro's Number and the Mole 6.4 Gram-Mole Conversions Application: Did Ben Franklin have Avogadro's Number? A Ballpark Calculation 6.5 Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations 6.6 Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations 6.7 Percent Yield 6.8 Classes of Chemical Reactions 6.9 Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines Application: Gout and Kidney Stones: Problems in Solubility 6.10 Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions 6.11 Redox Reactions Application: Batteries 6.12 Recognizing Redox Reactions Application: Photography: A Series of Redox Reactions 6.13 Net Ionic Equations Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rates and Equilibrium Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 7.1 Energy and Chemical Bonds 7.2 Heat Changes During Chemical Reactions 7.3 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions 7.4 Why do Chemical Reactions Occur? Free Energy Application: Energy from Food 7.5 How do Chemical Reactions Occur? Reaction Rates 7.6 Effects of Temperature, Concentration, and Catalysts of Reaction Rates 7.7 Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium Application: Regulation of Body Temperature 7.8 Equilibrium Equations and Equilibrium Constants 7.9 Le Chatelier's Principle: The Effect of Changing Conditions on Equilibria Application: Nitrogen Fixation Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 8: Gases, Liquids and Solids Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 8.1 States of Matter and Their Changes 8.2 Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory 8.3 Pressure 8.4 Boyle's Law: The Relation between Volume and Pressure Application: Blood Pressure 8.5 Charles's Law: The Relation between Volume and Temperature 8.6 Guy-Lussac's Law: The Relation between Pressure and Temperature 8.7 The Combined Gas Law 8.8 Avogadro's Law: The Relation between Volume and Molar Amount 8.9 The Ideal Gas Law 8.10 Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law Application: Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming 8.11 Intermolecular Forces 8.12 Liquids 8.13 Water: A Unique Liquid 8.14 Solids 8.15 Changes of State Application: Biomaterials for Joint Replacement Application: CO2 as an Environmentally Friendly Solvent Connection: Respiratory Therapist Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 9: Solutions Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 9.1 Mixtures and Solutions 9.2 The Solution Process 9.3 Solid Hydrates 9.4 Solubility 9.5 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility 9.6 The Effect of Pressure on Solubility: Henry's Law 9.7 Units of Concentration Application: Breathing and Oxygen Transport 9.8 Dilution 9.9 Ions in Solution: Electrolytes 9.10 Electrolytes in Body Fluids: Equivalents and Milliequivalents 9.11 Properties of Solutions Application: Electrolytes, Fluid Replacement, and Sports Drinks 9.12 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 9.13 Dialysis Application: Time-Released Medications Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 10: Acids and Bases Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 10.1 Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solutions 10.2 Some Common Acids and Bases 10.3 The Bronsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases 10.4 Water as Both an Acid and a Base 10.5 Some Common Acid-Base Reactions Application: Ulcers and Antacids 10.6 Acid and Base Strength 10.7 Acid Dissociation Constants 10.8 Dissociation of Water 10.9 Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solutions: pH 10.10 Working with pH 10.11 Laboratory Determination of Acidity 10.12 Buffer Solutions 10.13 Buffers in the Body Application: Buffers in the Body: Acidosis and Alkalosis 10.14 Acid and Base Equivalents 10.15 Titration Application: Acid Rain 10.16 Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 11: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 11.1 Nuclear Reactions 11.2 The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity 11.3 Stable and Unstable Isotopes 11.4 Nuclear Decay Application: Medical Uses of Radioactivity 11.5 Radioactive Half-Life 11.6 Radioactive Decay Series 11.7 Ionizing Radiation 11.8 Detecting Radiation Application: Irradiated Food 11.9 Measuring Radiation 11.10 Artificial Transmutation Application: Body Imaging 11.11 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion Application: Archaeological Radiocarbon Dating Connection: Nuclear Medicine Technician Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 12: Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 12.1 The Nature of Organic Molecules 12.2 Families of Organic Molecules: Functional Groups 12.3 The Structure of Organic Molecules: Alkanes and Their Isomers 12.4 Drawing Organic Structures Application: Natural versus Synthetic 12.5 The Shapes of Organic Molecules 12.6 Naming Alkanes Application: Displaying Molecular Shapes 12.7 Properties of Alkanes 12.8 Reactions of Alkanes 12.9 Cycloalkanes Application: Petroleum 12.10 Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 13: Alkenes, Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 13.1 Alkenes and Alkynes 13.2 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes 13.3 The Structure of Alkenes: Cis-Trans Isomerism 13.4 Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes 13.5 Kinds of Organic Reactions Application: The Chemistry of Vision 13.6 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes 13.7 How an Alkene Addition Reaction Occurs 13.8 Alkene Polymers 13.9 Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene Application: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cancer 13.10 Naming Aromatic Compounds 13.11 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Application: Why We See Color Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 14: Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 14.1 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 14.2 Some Common Alcohols 14.3 Naming Alcohols 14.4 Properties of Alcohols 14.5 Reactions of Alcohols Application: Ethyl Alcohol as a Drug and a Poison 14.6 Phenols 14.7 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols Application: Phenols as Antioxidants 14.8 Ethers 14.9 Thiols and Disulfides Application: Inhaled Anesthetics 14.10 Halogen-Containing Compounds Application: Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Hole Connection: Resource Conservationist Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 15: Amines Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 15.1 Amines Application: Chemical Information 15.2 Properties of Amines 15.3 Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds Application: NO: A Small Molecule with Big Responsibilities 15.4 Basicity of Amines Application: Organic Compounds in Body Fluids and the "Solubility Switch" 15.5 Amine Salts 15.6 Amines in Plants: Alkaloids Application: Toxicology Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 16: Aldehydes and Ketones Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 16.1 The Carbonyl Group 16.2 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones Application: Chemical Warfare Among the Insects 16.3 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones Application: Vanilla: What Kind Is Best? 16.4 Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones 16.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes 16.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones Application: Is it Poisonous, or Isn't It? 16.7 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals Connection: Sensory Evaluation Manager Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 17: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 17.1 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 17.2 Some Common Carboxylic Acids 17.3 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids Application: Acids for the Skin Application: Acid Salts as Food Additives 17.4 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Ester and Amide Formation 17.5 Aspirin and Other Over-the-Counter Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 17.6 Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides 17.7 Polyamides and Polyesters Application: Kevlar: A Life-Saving' Polymer 17.8 Phosphoric Acid Derivatives Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 18: Amino Acids and Proteins Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 18.1 An Introduction to Biochemistry 18.2 Protein Structure and Function: An Overview 18.3 Amino Acids 18.4 Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids Application: Nutrition in Health and Disease 18.5 Handedness 18.6 Molecular Handednesss and Amino Acids 18.7 Primary Protein Structure Application: Proteins in the Diet 18.8 Shape-Determining Interactions in Proteins Application: Protein Analysis by Electrophoresis 18.9 Secondary Protein Structure 18.10 Tertiary protein Structure 18.11 Quaternary Protein Structure 18.12 Chemical Properties of Proteins Application: Prions: Proteins that Cause Disease Connection: Food Technologist Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 19: Enzymes and Vitamins Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 19.1 Catalysis by Enzymes 19.2 Enzyme Cofactors 19.3 Enzyme Classification Application: Lead Poisoning and an Antidote Application: Biocatalysis: Food and Chemicals 19.4 How Enzymes Work 19.5 Effect of Concentration on Enzyme Activity 19.6 Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity Application: Extremozymes: Enzymes from the Edge 19.7 Enzyme Regulation: Feedback and Allosteric Control Application: Enzymes in Medical Diagnosis 19.8 Enzyme Regulation: Inhibition 19.9 Enzyme Regulation: Covalent Modification and Genetic Control Application: Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs 19.10 Vitamins Application: Vitamins, Minerals, and Food Labels Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 20: Chemical Messengers: Hormones, Neurotransmitters, and Drugs Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 20.1 Messenger Molecules 20.2 Hormones and the Endocrine System Application: Homeostasis 20.3 How Hormones Work: Epinephrine and Fight-or-Flight 20.4 Amino Acid Derivatives and Polypeptides as Hormones 20.5 Steroid Hormones Application: Plant Hormones 20.6 Neurotransmitters 20.7 How Neurotransmitters Work: Acetylcholine, Its Agonists and Antagonists 20.8 Histamine and Antihistamine Application: And from This Little Frog! 20.9 Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine 20.10 Neuropeptides and Pain Relief 20.11 Drug Discovery and Drug Design Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 21: The Generation of Biochemical Energy Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 21.1 Energy and Life 21.2 Energy and Biochemical Reactions Application: Life Without Sunlight 21.3 Cells and Their Structure 21.4 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production 21.5 Strategies of Metabolism: ATP and Energy Transfer 21.6 Strategies of Metabolism: Metabolic Pathways and Coupled Reactions Application: Basal Metabolism 21.7 Strategies of Metabolism: Oxidized and Reduced Coenzymes 21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle 21.9 The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP Production Application: Energy Undone: Blockers and Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation 21.10 Harmful Oxygen By-Products and Antioxidant Vitamins Application: Plants and Photosynthesis Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 22: Carbohydrates Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 22.1 An Introduction to Carbohydrates 22.2 Handedness of Carbohydrates 22.3 The D and L Families of Sugars: Drawing Sugar Molecules Application: Chirality Meets the Marketplace 22.4 Structure of Glucose and other Monosaccharides Application: Carbohydrates in the Diet 22.5 Some Important Monosaccharides 22.6 Reactions of Monosaccharides 22.7 Disaccharides Application: Cell Walls: Rigid Defense Systems 22.8 Variations on the Carbohydrate Theme 22.9 Some Important Polysaccharides Application: Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and Blood Type Application: Dietary Fiber Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 23: Carbohydrate Metabolism Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 23.1 Digestion of Carbohydrates 23.2 Glucose Metabolism: An Overview 23.3 Glycolosis 23.4 Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolosis 23.5 The Fate of Pyruvate Application: Tooth Decay Application: Microbial Fermentations: Ancient and Modern 23.6 Energy Output in Complete Catabolism of Glucose 23.7 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Energy Production 23.8 Metabolism in Fasting and Starvation 23.9 Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus Application: Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes 23.10 Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis Application: The Biochemistry of Running 23.11 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose from Noncarbohydrates Application: Polysaccharides--What Are They Good For? Connection: Dietitian Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 24: Lipids Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 24.1 Structure and Classification of Lipids 24.2 Fatty Acids and Their Esters Application: Lipids in the Diet 24.3 Properties of Fats and Oils 24.4 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols Application: Detergents 24.5 Cell Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids and Glycolipids 24.6 Cell Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol 24.7 Structure of Cell Membranes Application: Butter and Its Substitutes Application: Liposomes form Health and Beauty 24.8 Transport Across Cell Membranes 24.9 Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 25: Lipid Metabolism Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 25.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols 25.2 Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport Application: Lipids and Atherosclerosis 25.3 Triacylglycerol Metabolism: An Overview Application: Fat Storage: A Good Thing or Not? 25.4 Storage and Mobilization of Triacylglycerols 25.5 Oxidation of Fatty Acids 25.6 Energy from Fatty Acid Oxidation 25.7 Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis Application: The Liver, Clearinghouse for Metabolism 25.8 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 26: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 26.1 DNA, Chromosomes and Genes 26.2 Composition of Nucleic Acids 26.3 The Structure of Nucleic Acid Chains 26.4 Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson-Crick Model 26.5 Nucleic Acids and Heredity Application: Viruses and AIDS 26.6 Replication of DNA 26.7 Structure and Function of RNA 26.8 Transcription: RNA Synthesis 26.9 The Genetic Code 26.10 Translation: Transfer RNA and Protein Synthesis Application: "Bird Flu": The Next Epidemic? Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 27: Genomics Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 27.1 Mapping the Human Genome 27.2 A Trip Along a Chromosome Application: Whose Genome is it? 27.3 Mutations and Polymorphisms 27.4 Recombinant DNA Application: Serendipity and the Polymerase Chain Reaction Application: DNA Fingerprinting 27.5 Genomics: Using What We Know Connection: Forensic Scientist Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 28: Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 28.1 Digestion of Proteins 28.2 Amino Acid Metabolism: An Overview 28.3 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Amino Group 28.4 The Urea Cycle Application: Pathways to Gout 28.5 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Carbon Atoms Application: The Importance of Essential Amino Acids and Effects of Deficiencies 28.6 Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Chapter 29: Body Fluids Chapter Goals Concepts to Review 29.1 Body Water and Its Solutes 29.2 Fluid Balance 29.3 Blood 29.4 Plasma Proteins, White Bloods Cells and Immunity Application: The Blood-Brain Barrier 29.5 Blood Clotting 29.6 Red Blood Cells and Blood Gases 29.7 The Kidney and Urine Formation 29.8 Urine Composition and Function Application: Automated Clinical Laboratory Analysis Connection: Veterinary Lab Technician Keywords Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals Understanding Key Concepts Additional Problems Appendices Glossary Answers to Selected Problems Photo Credits Index

Szczegóły: Fundamentals of General Organic - David S. Ballantine, John E. McMurry, Mary E. Castellion

Tytuł: Fundamentals of General Organic
Autor: David S. Ballantine, John E. McMurry, Mary E. Castellion
Producent: Prentice Hall
ISBN: 9780132279956
Rok produkcji: 2006
Ilość stron: 976
Oprawa: Miękka
Waga: 1.89 kg

Recenzje: Fundamentals of General Organic - David S. Ballantine, John E. McMurry, Mary E. Castellion