Opis: Sustainable Groundwater Resources in Africa - J Xu

This volume disseminates research investigations for achieving sustainable groundwater supplies in challenging local community environments across the African continent. It explores the search integrated water, sanitation, hygiene delivery and best implementation practice. Through a variety of case studies, it illustrates the current status and pitfalls that hydrogeologists experience and highlights the relevant challenges that especially Sub-Saharan Africa still faces in this battle. The individual chapters present the current situation, best practices, challenges identified and directions developed by the authors in their advancement towards comprehensive solutions.I - Best practice guidelines 1 Water supply and sanitation issues in Africa 1.1 Contribution of water supply and sanitation to African development 1.2 Millennium development goals and water 1.3 Water supply and sanitation coverage 1.4 Challenges and strategies to achieve the MDGs for WSS 1.4.1 Rural water supply 1.4.2 Urban water supply 1.4.3 Sanitation 1.4.4 General 1.5 Various programmes to achieve goal 1.6 From water for domestic use to a livelihoods focus 1.7 Conclusions 2 Groundwater resources in Africa 2.1 Characteristics of groundwater resources 2.1.1 Major types of aquifers 2.1.2 Groundwater resources in Africa 2.1.3 Roles and functions 2.2 The sustainable groundwater utilization and management in Africa 2.2.1 Major groundwater-related issues and problems on the African continent 2.2.2 The data and information management relating to groundwater resources management 2.2.3 Implication of climate change 2.3 Outlook for the sustainable utilization of groundwater in Africa 3 Framework of best practices for groundwater supply and sanitation provision 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Integrated water resources management 3.3 Groundwater and IWRM 3.4 Integrated water, sanitation and hygiene delivery 3.5 Integrated service delivery in the urban environment 3.6 Integrated service delivery in the rural environment 3.7 A framework to facilitate groundwater management 4 Best practice for groundwater quality protection 4.1 General introduction 4.2 South African borehole guidelines 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Relevant literature 4.2.3 Contracts and agreements 4.2.4 Supervision of activities 4.2.5 Materials and equipment 4.2.6 Aanomalous circumstances 4.2.7 Straightness and verticality 4.2.8 Protecting the resources 4.2.9 Safety 4.2.10 Conclusions 4.3 Groundwater protection guidelines 4.3.1 Basic approaches 4.3.2 Concept of safe distance 4.3.3 Stepwise procedure from case studies 4.3.4 Zoning approach 4.3.5 Protection approach in fractured rock aquifers 4.3.6 Spring and shallow well protection 4.4 Drought proofing 4.4.1 Basic concepts 4.4.2 Types of drought 4.4.3 Livelihood approach 4.5 On-site sanitation and groundwater 4.6 Ecosan approach for effective groundwater resources management 4.6.1 Historical context of Ecosan 4.6.2 Main objective of Ecosan projects 4.6.3 The philosophy about Ecosan 4.6.4 Ecosan and groundwater quality 4.6.5 The challenge for Ecosan 4.7 Community participation best practice 4.8 Towards a comprehensive approach 5 Summary and recommendations 5.1 Summary 5.2 Recommendations II - Case studies 6 Groundwater dynamics in the East African Rift System 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Tectonic framework 6.3 Hydrology and climate 6.4 Hydrogeological framework 6.5 Hydrogeochemical feature 6.6 Implication on water supply and sanitation 6.7 Summary and recommendations 7 Aquifer vulnerability and its implication for community water supply of Porto-Novo region (South - East of Benin) 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Site description 7.3 Data requirements 7.3.1 DRASTIC and GOD methods 7.3.2 Evaluation of DRASTIC and GOD parameters 7.3.3 Validation of vunerability maps and determination of aquifer protection 7.4 Results and discussion 7.4.1 Vulnerability maps 7.4.2 Discussion 7.5 Conclusion 8 Vulnerability of dolomite aquifers in South Africa 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Geological description 8.3 Methodology 8.3.1 Overlying layers map (O-Map) 8.3.2 Concentration of flow map (C-Map) 8.3.3 Precipitation map (P-Map) 8.4 VUKA index map 8.5 Summary 9 A low tech approach to evaluating vulnerability to pollution of basement aquifers in sub-saharan aquifer 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The weathered basement aquifer 9.3 The groundwater vulnerability drivers 9.4 Simple field approach to vulnerability assessment 9.5 Scorecard validity 9.6 Conclusions 10 Preserving groundwater quality against microbiological contamination through differentiated aquifer management in Africa 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Microbiological transport within secondary aquifers 10.3 Extent of microbiological impacts on some africa aquifers 10.4 State of microbiological monitoring networks in Africa 10.5 Groundwater protection zoning 10.6 Way forward 10.7 Conclusion 11 Fluoride in African groundwater: Occurrence and mitigation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sources of fluoride in groundwater 11.3 Formation of fluoride-rich groundwater 11.4 Determination of fluoride 11.5 Fluoride occurrence in African groundwater 11.6 Removal of fluoride from drinking water supplies 11.7 Alternative mitigation 11.8 Implication for rural water supplies 12 Practical methods to reduce iron in groundwater with a case study 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Project area 12.3 Methodology 12.4 Iron removal 12.5 Results 12.6 Iron filter construction 12.7 Conclusion 13 Investigation of borehole failures - experience from Botswana 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Hydrogeology of the study area 13.3 Methodology and data uesd 13.3.1 Methodology 13.3.2 Data used 13.4 Results and discussion 13.4.1 Evidence of possible recent decline in groundwater yield 13.4.2 Correlation analysis 13.4.3 Reliability analysis of groundwater monitoring data 13.5 Summary, conclusion and recommendation 14 Cost-effective boreholes in sub-saharan Africa 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Assertions, information and evidence of high drilling prices 14.3 Conceptual framework 14.3.1 Borehole costs and quality 14.3.2 Borehole price 14.3.3 The core factors 14.3.4 Key elements 14.4 Analysis of the thirteen elements of cost-effective boreholes 14.4.1 Operation and maintenance procedures 14.4.2 Who drills water wells? 14.4.3 Borehole standards and designs 14.4.4 Drilling equipment - smaller and less costly rigs 14.4.5 Procurement process 14.4.6 Contract packaging 14.4.7 Contract packaging 14.4.8 Siting practices 14.4.9 Supervision 14.4.10 Pumping test 14.4.11 Groundwater resources monitoring and evaluation 14.4.12 Hydrogeological data 14.4.13 Regulation and professionalism of the private sector 14.5 Conclusions and recommendations 15 Water supply and sanitation in the democratic republic of the Congo 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Overview of the study area 15.2.1 Location and climate 15.2.2 Geology and tectonics 15.2.3 Soils and land use 15.2.4 Hydrography 15.3 Socio-demography 15.4 Water resources 15.4.1 Surface water resources 15.4.2 Groundwater resources 15.5 Water supply 15.5.1 Water supply sources and access to drinking water 15.6 Sanitation 15.6.1 Current situation in the DRC 15.6.2 Water and health issues 15.6.3 Financial requirements 15.7 Institutions and legislation 15.7.1 Laws and regulations 15.7.2 Institutions 15.8 Government policies and strategies to improve WatSan sector 15.9 Constraints to the WatSan developent In DRC 15.10 WatSan donors 15.11 Conclusion 16 Rural water supply and sanitation in Malawi: Groundwater context 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Study area charaterization 16.3 Methods 16.4 Results and discussions 16.4.1 Water sources and water point coverage 16.4.2 Functionality status of rural water points 16.4.3 Groundwater availability and its associated quality pattern 16.4.4 Water quality monitoring 16.4.5 Current sanitation service provision 16.4.6 Current initiatives within the rural water supply and sanitation sub-sector 16.5 Conclusions 17 Community-based groundwater quality monitoring: A field example 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Background 17.3 Methods 17.4 Results from the Initial Implementation 17.5 Analysis of the Initial Implementation 17.6 Brief comparison with another recent study on use of simple measures 17.7 Conclusions 18 Charitable endowments as an institute for sustainable groundwater development and management 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Practice in the Middle East 18.3 Socio economic issues 18.4 Technical issues 18.5 Conclusion Subject index Colour plate

Szczegóły: Sustainable Groundwater Resources in Africa - J Xu

Tytuł: Sustainable Groundwater Resources in Africa
Autor: J Xu
Producent: Routledge
ISBN: 9780415876032
Rok produkcji: 2009
Ilość stron: 304
Oprawa: Twarda
Waga: 0.75 kg

Recenzje: Sustainable Groundwater Resources in Africa - J Xu