Opis: Computer Networks and Internets: Global Edition - Douglas Comer

Appropriate for all introductory-to-intermediate courses in computer networking, the Internet, or Internet applications; students need no background in networking, operating systems, or advanced mathematics. Leading networking authority Douglas Comer presents a wide-ranging, self-contained tour of the concepts, principles, and technologies that enable today's Internet to support applications ranging from web browsing to telephony and multimedia. Comer begins by illuminating the applications and facilities offered by today's Internet. Next, he systematically introduces the underlying network technologies and protocols that make them possible. With these concepts and technologies established, he introduces several of the most important contemporary issues faced by network implementers and managers, including quality of service, Internet telephony, multimedia, network security, and network management. Comer has carefully designed this book to support both top-down and bottom-up teaching approaches. Students need no background in operating systems, and no sophisticated math: Comer relies throughout on figures, drawings, examples, and analogies, not mathematical proofs. Teaching and Learning Experience This program will provide a better teaching and learning experience-for you and your students. *Broad Coverage of Key Concepts and Principles, Presented in a Technology-independent Fashion: Comer focuses on imparting knowledge that students will need regardless of which technologies emerge or become obsolete. *Flexible Organization that Supports both Top-down and Bottom-up Teaching Approaches: Chapters may be sequenced to accommodate a wide variety of course needs and preferences. *An Accessible Presentation that Resonates with Students: Comer relies throughout on figures, drawings, examples, and analogies, not mathematical proofs. *Keep Your Course Current: Content is refreshed to provide the most up-to-date information on new technologies for your course.Preface xxiii PART I Introduction And Internet Applications Chapter 1 Introduction And Overview 1 1.1 Growth Of Computer Networking 1 1.2 Why Networking Seems Complex 2 1.3 The Five Key Aspects Of Networking 2 1.4 Public And Private Parts Of The Internet 6 1.5 Networks, Interoperability, And Standards 8 1.6 Protocol Suites And Layering Models 9 1.7 How Data Passes Through Layers 11 1.8 Headers And Layers 12 1.9 ISO And The OSI Seven Layer Reference Model 13 1.10 Remainder Of The Text 14 1.11 Summary 14 Chapter 2 Internet Trends 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Resource Sharing 17 2.3 Growth Of The Internet 18 2.4 From Resource Sharing To Communication 21 2.5 From Text To Multimedia 21 2.6 Recent Trends 22 2.7 From Individual Computers To Cloud Computing 23 2.8 Summary 24 Chapter 3 Internet Applications And Network Programming 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Two Basic Internet Communication Paradigms 28 3.3 Connection-Oriented Communication 29 3.4 The Client-Server Model Of Interaction 30 3.5 Characteristics Of Clients And Servers 31 3.6 Server Programs And Server-Class Computers 31 3.7 Requests, Responses, And Direction Of Data Flow 32 3.8 Multiple Clients And Multiple Servers 32 3.9 Server Identification And Demultiplexing 33 3.10 Concurrent Servers 34 3.11 Circular Dependencies Among Servers 35 3.12 Peer-To-Peer Interactions 35 3.13 Network Programming And The Socket API 36 3.14 Sockets, Descriptors, And Network I/O 36 3.15 Parameters And The Socket API 37 3.16 Socket Calls In A Client And Server 38 3.17 Socket Functions Used By Both Client And Server 38 3.18 The Connect Function Used Only By A Client 40 3.19 Socket Functions Used Only By A Server 40 3.20 Socket Functions Used With The Message Paradigm 43 3.21 Other Socket Functions 44 3.22 Sockets, Threads, And Inheritance 45 3.23 Summary 45 Chapter 4 Traditional Internet Applications 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Application-Layer Protocols 49 4.3 Representation And Transfer 50 4.4 Web Protocols 51 4.5 Document Representation With HTML 52 4.6 Uniform Resource Locators And Hyperlinks 54 4.7 Web Document Transfer With HTTP 55 4.8 Caching In Browsers 57 4.9 Browser Architecture 59 4.10 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 59 4.11 FTP Communication Paradigm 60 4.12 Electronic Mail 63 4.13 The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 64 4.14 ISPs, Mail Servers, And Mail Access 66 4.15 Mail Access Protocols (POP, IMAP) 67 4.16 Email Representation Standards (RFC2822, MIME) 67 4.17 Domain Name System (DNS) 69 4.18 Domain Names That Begin With A Service Name 71 4.19 The DNS Hierarchy And Server Model 72 4.20 Name Resolution 72 4.21 Caching In DNS Servers 74 4.22 Types Of DNS Entries 75 4.23 Aliases And CNAME Resource Records 76 4.24 Abbreviations And The DNS 76 4.25 Internationalized Domain Names 77 4.26 Extensible Representations (XML) 78 4.27 Summary 79 PART II Data Communication Basics Chapter 5 Overview Of Data Communications 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 The Essence Of Data Communications 86 5.3 Motivation And Scope Of The Subject 87 5.4 The Conceptual Pieces Of A Communications System 87 5.5 The Subtopics Of Data Communications 90 5.6 Summary 91 Chapter 6 Information Sources And Signals 93 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Information Sources 93 6.3 Analog And Digital Signals 94 6.4 Periodic And Aperiodic Signals 94 6.5 Sine Waves And Signal Characteristics 95 6.6 Composite Signals 97 6.7 The Importance Of Composite Signals And Sine Functions 97 6.8 Time And Frequency Domain Representations 98 6.9 Bandwidth Of An Analog Signal 99 6.10 Digital Signals And Signal Levels 100 6.11 Baud And Bits Per Second 101 6.12 Converting A Digital Signal To Analog 102 6.13 The Bandwidth Of A Digital Signal 103 6.14 Synchronization And Agreement About Signals 103 6.15 Line Coding 104 6.16 Manchester Encoding Used In Computer Networks 106 6.17 Converting An Analog Signal To Digital 107 6.18 The Nyquist Theorem And Sampling Rate 108 6.19 Nyquist Theorem And Telephone System Transmission 108 6.20 Nonlinear Encoding 109 6.21 Encoding And Data Compression 109 6.22 Summary 110 Chapter 7 Transmission Media 113 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 Guided And Unguided Transmission 113 7.3 A Taxonomy By Forms Of Energy 114 7.4 Background Radiation And Electrical Noise 115 7.5 Twisted Pair Copper Wiring 115 7.6 Shielding: Coaxial Cable And Shielded Twisted Pair 117 7.7 Categories Of Twisted Pair Cable 118 7.8 Media Using Light Energy And Optical Fibers 119 7.9 Types Of Fiber And Light Transmission 120 7.10 Optical Fiber Compared To Copper Wiring 121 7.11 Infrared Communication Technologies 122 7.12 Point-To-Point Laser Communication 122 7.13 Electromagnetic (Radio) Communication 123 7.14 Signal Propagation 124 7.15 Types Of Satellites 125 7.16 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellites 126 7.17 GEO Coverage Of The Earth 127 7.18 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites And Clusters 128 7.19 Tradeoffs Among Media Types 128 7.20 Measuring Transmission Media 129 7.21 The Effect Of Noise On Communication 129 7.22 The Significance Of Channel Capacity 130 7.23 Summary 131 Chapter 8 Reliability And Channel Coding 135 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 The Three Main Sources Of Transmission Errors 135 8.3 Effect Of Transmission Errors On Data 136 8.4 Two Strategies For Handling Channel Errors 137 8.5 Block And Convolutional Error Codes 138 8.6 An Example Block Error Code: Single Parity Checking 139 8.7 The Mathematics Of Block Error Codes And (n,k) Notation 140 8.8 Hamming Distance: A Measure Of A Code's Strength 140 8.9 The Hamming Distance Among Strings In A Codebook 141 8.10 The Tradeoff Between Error Detection And Overhead 142 8.11 Error Correction With Row And Column (RAC) Parity 142 8.12 The 16-Bit Checksum Used In The Internet 144 8.13 Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) 145 8.14 An Efficient Hardware Implementation Of CRC 148 8.15 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Mechanisms 148 8.16 Summary 149 Chapter 9 Transmission Modes 153 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 A Taxonomy Of Transmission Modes 153 9.3 Parallel Transmission 154 9.4 Serial Transmission 155 9.5 Transmission Order: Bits And Bytes 156 9.6 Timing Of Serial Transmission 156 9.7 Asynchronous Transmission 157 9.8 RS-232 Asynchronous Character Transmission 157 9.9 Synchronous Transmission 158 9.10 Bytes, Blocks, And Frames 159 9.11 Isochronous Transmission 160 9.12 Simplex, Half-Duplex, And Full-Duplex Transmission 160 9.13 DCE And DTE Equipment 162 9.14 Summary 162 Chapter 10 Modulation And Modems 165 10.1 Introduction 165 10.2 Carriers, Frequency, And Propagation 165 10.3 Analog Modulation Schemes 166 10.4 Amplitude Modulation 166 10.5 Frequency Modulation 167 10.6 Phase Shift Modulation 168 10.7 Amplitude Modulation And Shannon's Theorem 168 10.8 Modulation, Digital Input, And Shift Keying 168 10.9 Phase Shift Keying 169 10.10 Phase Shift And A Constellation Diagram 171 10.11 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 173 10.12 Modem Hardware For Modulation And Demodulation 174 10.13 Optical And Radio Frequency Modems 174 10.14 Dialup Modems 175 10.15 QAM Applied To Dialup 175 10.16 V.32 And V.32bis Dialup Modems 176 10.17 Summary 177 Chapter 11 Multiplexing And Demultiplexing (Channelization) 181 11.1 Introduction 181 11.2 The Concept Of Multiplexing 181 11.3 The Basic Types Of Multiplexing 182 11.4 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 183 11.5 Using A Range Of Frequencies Per Channel 185 11.6 Hierarchical FDM 186 11.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 187 11.8 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 187 11.9 Synchronous TDM 188 11.10 Framing Used In The Telephone System Version Of TDM 189 11.11 Hierarchical TDM 190 11.12 The Problem With Synchronous TDM: Unfilled Slots 190 11.13 Statistical TDM 191 11.14 Inverse Multiplexing 192 11.15 Code Division Multiplexing 193 11.16 Summary 195 Chapter 12 Access And Interconnection Technologies 199 12.1 Introduction 199 12.2 Internet Access Technology: Upstream And Downstream 199 12.3 Narrowband And Broadband Access Technologies 200 12.4 The Local Loop And ISDN 202 12.5 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies 202 12.6 Local Loop Characteristics And Adaptation 203 12.7 The Data Rate Of ADSL 204 12.8 ADSL Installation And Splitters 205 12.9 Cable Modem Technologies 205 12.10 The Data Rate Of Cable Modems 206 12.11 Cable Modem Installation 206 12.12 Hybrid Fiber Coax 207 12.13 Access Technologies That Employ Optical Fiber 208 12.14 Head-End And Tail-End Modem Terminology 208 12.15 Wireless Access Technologies 209 12.16 High-Capacity Connections At The Internet Core 209 12.17 Circuit Termination, DSU/ CSU, And NIU 210 12.18 Telephone Standards For Digital Circuits 211 12.19 DS Terminology And Data Rates 212 12.20 Highest Capacity Circuits (STS Standards) 212 12.21 Optical Carrier Standards 213 12.22 The C Suffix 213 12.23 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 214 12.24 Summary 215 PART III Packet Switching And Network Technologies Chapter 13 Local Area Networks: Packets, Frames, And Topologies 219 13.1 Introduction 219 13.2 Circuit Switching And Analog Communication 220 13.3 Packet Switching 221 13.4 Local And Wide Area Packet Networks 222 13.5 Standards For Packet Format And Identification 223 13.6 IEEE 802 Model And Standards 224 13.7 Point-To-Point And Multi-Access Networks 225 13.8 LAN Topologies 227 13.9 Packet Identification, Demultiplexing, MAC Addresses 229 13.10 Unicast, Broadcast, And Multicast Addresses 230 13.11 Broadcast, Multicast, And Efficient Multi-Point Delivery 231 13.12 Frames And Framing 232 13.13 Byte And Bit Stuffing 233 13.14 Summary 234 Chapter 14 The IEEE MAC Sublayer 239 14.1 Introduction 239 14.2 A Taxonomy Of Mechanisms For Shared Access 239 14.3 Static And Dynamic Channel Allocation 240 14.4 Channelization Protocols 241 14.5 Controlled Access Protocols 242 14.6 Random Access Protocols 244 14.7 Summary 250 Chapter 15 Wired LAN Technology (Ethernet And 802.3) 253 15.1 Introduction 253 15.2 The Venerable Ethernet 253 15.3 Ethernet Frame Format 254 15.4 Ethernet Frame Type Field And Demultiplexing 254 15.5 IEEE's Version Of Ethernet (802.3) 255 15.6 LAN Connections And Network Interface Cards 256 15.7 Ethernet Evolution And Thicknet Wiring 256 15.8 Thinnet Ethernet Wiring 257 15.9 Twisted Pair Ethernet Wiring And Hubs 258 15.10 Physical And Logical Ethernet Topology 259 15.11 Wiring In An Office Building 259 15.12 Ethernet Data Rates And Cable Types 261 15.13 Twisted Pair Connectors And Cables 261 15.14 Summary 262 Chapter 16 Wireless Networking Technologies 265 16.1 Introduction 265 16.2 A Taxonomy Of Wireless Networks 265 16.3 Personal Area Networks (PANs) 266 16.4 ISM Wireless Bands Used By LANs And PANs 267 16.5 Wireless LAN Technologies And Wi-Fi 267 16.6 Spread Spectrum Techniques 268 16.7 Other Wireless LAN Standards 269 16.8 Wireless LAN Architecture 270 16.9 Overlap, Association, And 802.11 Frame Format 271 16.10 Coordination Among Access Points 272 16.11 Contention And Contention-Free Access 272 16.12 Wireless MAN Technology And WiMax 274 16.13 PAN Technologies And Standards 276 16.14 Other Short-Distance Communication Technologies 277 16.15 Wireless WAN Technologies 278 16.16 Micro Cells 280 16.17 Cell Clusters And Frequency Reuse 280 16.18 Generations Of Cellular Technologies 282 16.19 VSAT Satellite Technology 284 16.20 GPS Satellites 285 16.21 Software Defined Radio And The Future Of Wireless 286 16.22 Summary 287 Chapter 17 Repeaters, Bridges, And Switches 291 17.1 Introduction 291 17.2 Distance Limitation And LAN Design 291 17.3 Fiber Modem Extensions 292 17.4 Repeaters 293 17.5 Bridges And Bridging 293 17.6 Learning Bridges And Frame Filtering 294 17.7 Why Bridging Works Well 295 17.8 Distributed Spanning Tree 296 17.9 Switching And Layer 2 Switches 297 17.10 VLAN Switches 299 17.11 Multiple Switches And Shared VLANs 300 17.12 The Importance Of Bridging 301 17.13 Summary 302 Chapter 18 WAN Technologies And Dynamic Routing 305 18.1 Introduction 305 18.2 Large Spans And Wide Area Networks 305 18.3 Traditional WAN Architecture 306 18.4 Forming A WAN 308 18.5 Store And Forward Paradigm 309 18.6 Addressing In A WAN 309 18.7 Next-Hop Forwarding 310 18.8 Source Independence 313 18.9 Dynamic Routing Updates In A WAN 313 18.10 Default Routes 314 18.11 Forwarding Table Computation 315 18.12 Distributed Route Computation 316 18.13 Shortest Paths And Weights 320 18.14 Routing Problems 321 18.15 Summary 322 Chapter 19 Networking Technologies Past And Present 325 19.1 Introduction 325 19.2 Connection And Access Technologies 325 19.3 LAN Technologies 327 19.4 WAN Technologies 328 19.5 Summary 332 PART IV Internetworking Chapter 20 Internetworking: Concepts, Architecture, And Protocols 335 20.1 Introduction 335 20.2 The Motivation For Internetworking 335 20.3 The Concept Of Universal Service 336 20.4 Universal Service In A Heterogeneous World 336 20.5 Internetworking 337 20.6 Physical Network Connection With Routers 337 20.7 Internet Architecture 338 20.8 Intranets And Internets 339 20.9 Achieving Universal Service 339 20.10 A Virtual Network 339 20.11 Protocols For Internetworking 341 20.12 Review Of TCP/IP Layering 341 20.13 Host Computers, Routers, And Protocol Layers 342 20.14 Summary 342 Chapter 21 IP: Internet Addressing 345 21.1 Introduction 345 21.2 The Move To IPv6 345 21.3 The Hourglass Model And Difficulty Of Change 346 21.4 Addresses For The Virtual Internet 346 21.5 The IP Addressing Scheme 348 21.6 The IP Address Hierarchy 348 21.7 Original Classes Of IPv4 Addresses 349 21.8 IPv4 Dotted Decimal Notation 350 21.9 Authority For Addresses 351 21.10 IPv4 Subnet And Classless Addressing 351 21.11 Address Masks 353 21.12 CIDR Notation Used With IPv4 354 21.13 A CIDR Example 354 21.14 CIDR Host Addresses 356 21.15 Special IPv4 Addresses 357 21.16 Summary Of Special IPv4 Addresses 359 21.17 IPv4 Berkeley Broadcast Address Form 359 21.18 Routers And The IPv4 Addressing Principle 360 21.19 Multihomed Hosts 361 21.20 IPv6 Multihoming And Network Renumbering 361 21.21 IPv6 Addressing 362 21.22 IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation 363 21.23 Summary 364 Chapter 22 Datagram Forwarding 369 22.1 Introduction 369 22.2 Connectionless Service 369 22.3 Virtual Packets 370 22.4 The IP Datagram 370 22.5 The IPv4 Datagram Header Format 371 22.6 The IPv6 Datagram Header Format 373 22.7 IPv6 Base Header Format 373 22.8 Forwarding An IP Datagram 375 22.9 Network Prefix Extraction And Datagram Forwarding 376 22.10 Longest Prefix Match 377 22.11 Destination Address And Next-Hop Address 378 22.12 Best-Effort Delivery 378 22.13 IP Encapsulation 379 22.14 Transmission Across An Internet 380 22.15 MTU And Datagram Fragmentation 381 22.16 Fragmentation Of An IPv6 Datagram 383 22.17 Reassembly Of An IP Datagram From Fragments 384 22.18 Collecting The Fragments Of A Datagram 385 22.19 The Consequence Of Fragment Loss 386 22.20 Fragmenting An IPv4 Fragment 386 22.21 Summary 387 Chapter 23 Support Protocols And Technologies 391 23.1 Introduction 391 23.2 Address Resolution 391 23.3 An Example Of IPv4 Addresses 393 23.4 The IPv4 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 393 23.5 ARP Message Format 394 23.6 ARP Encapsulation 395 23.7 ARP Caching And Message Processing 396 23.8 The Conceptual Address Boundary 398 23.9 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 399 23.10 ICMP Message Format And Encapsulation 400 23.11 IPv6 Address Binding With Neighbor Discovery 401 23.12 Protocol Software, Parameters, And Configuration 401 23.13 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 402 23.14 DHCP Protocol Operation And Optimizations 403 23.15 DHCP Message Format 404 23.16 Indirect DHCP Server Access Through A Relay 405 23.17 IPv6 Autoconfiguration 405 23.18 Network Address Translation (NAT) 406 23.19 NAT Operation And IPv4 Private Addresses 407 23.20 Transport-Layer NAT (NAPT) 409 23.21 NAT And Servers 410 23.22 NAT Software And Systems For Use At Home 410 23.23 Summary 411 Chapter 24 UDP: Datagram Transport Service 415 24.1 Introduction 415 24.2 Transport Protocols And End-To-End Communication 415 24.3 The User Datagram Protocol 416 24.4 The Connectionless Paradigm 417 24.5 Message-Oriented Interface 417 24.6 UDP Communication Semantics 418 24.7 Modes Of Interaction And Multicast Delivery 419 24.8 Endpoint Identification With Protocol Port Numbers 419 24.9 UDP Datagram Format 420 24.10 The UDP Checksum And The Pseudo Header 421 24.11 UDP Encapsulation 421 24.12 Summary 422 Chapter 25 TCP: Reliable Transport Service 425 25.1 Introduction 425 25.2 The Transmission Control Protocol 425 25.3 The Service TCP Provides To Applications 426 25.4 End-To-End Service And Virtual Connections 427 25.5 Techniques That Transport Protocols Use 428 25.6 Techniques To Avoid Congestion 432 25.7 The Art Of Protocol Design 433 25.8 Techniques Used In TCP To Handle Packet Loss 434 25.9 Adaptive Retransmission 435 25.10 Comparison Of Retransmission Times 436 25.11 Buffers, Flow Control, And Windows 437 25.12 TCP's Three-Way Handshake 438 25.13 TCP Congestion Control 440 25.14 Versions Of TCP Congestion Control 441 25.15 Other Variations: SACK And ECN 441 25.16 TCP Segment Format 442 25.17 Summary 443 Chapter 26 Internet Routing And Routing Protocols 447 26.1 Introduction 447 26.2 Static Vs. Dynamic Routing 447 26.3 Static Routing In Hosts And A Default Route 448 26.4 Dynamic Routing And Routers 449 26.5 Routing In The Global Internet 450 26.6 Autonomous System Concept 451 26.7 The Two Types Of Internet Routing Protocols 451 26.8 Routes And Data Traffic 454 26.9 The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 454 26.10 The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 456 26.11 RIP Packet Format 457 26.12 The Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF) 458 26.13 An Example OSPF Graph 459 26.14 OSPF Areas 459 26.15 Intermediate System - Intermediate System (IS-IS) 460 26.16 Multicast Routing 461 26.17 Summary 465 PART V Other Networking Concepts & Technologies Chapter 27 Network Performance (QoS And DiffServ) 469 27.1 Introduction 469 27.2 Measures Of Performance 469 27.3 Latency Or Delay 470 27.4 Capacity, Throughput, And Goodput 472 27.5 Understanding Throughput And Delay 473 27.6 Jitter 474 27.7 The Relationship Between Delay And Throughput 475 27.8 Measuring Delay, Throughput, And Jitter 476 27.9 Passive Measurement, Small Packets, And NetFlow 478 27.10 Quality Of Service (QoS) 479 27.11 Fine-Grain And Coarse-Grain QoS 480 27.12 Implementation Of QoS 482 27.13 Internet QoS Technologies 484 27.14 Summary 485 Chapter 28 Multimedia And IP Telephony (VoIP) 489 28.1 Introduction 489 28.2 Real-Time Data Transmission And Best-Effort Delivery 489 28.3 Delayed Playback And Jitter Buffers 490 28.4 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) 491 28.5 RTP Encapsulation 492 28.6 IP Telephony 493 28.7 Signaling And VoIP Signaling Standards 494 28.8 Components Of An IP Telephone System 495 28.9 Summary Of Protocols And Layering 498 28.10 H.323 Characteristics 499 28.11 H.323 Layering 499 28.12 SIP Characteristics And Methods 500 28.13 An Example SIP Session 501 28.14 Telephone Number Mapping And Routing 502 28.15 Summary 503 Chapter 29 Network Security 507 29.1 Introduction 507 29.2 Criminal Exploits And Attacks 507 29.3 Security Policy 511 29.4 Responsibility And Control 512 29.5 Security Technologies 513 29.6 Hashing: An Integrity And Authentication Mechanism 513 29.7 Access Control And Passwords 514 29.8 Encryption: A Fundamental Security Technique 514 29.9 Private Key Encryption 515 29.10 Public Key Encryption 515 29.11 Authentication With Digital Signatures 516 29.12 Key Authorities And Digital Certificates 517 29.13 Firewalls 519 29.14 Firewall Implementation With A Packet Filter 520 29.15 Intrusion Detection Systems 522 29.16 Content Scanning And Deep Packet Inspection 522 29.17 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 523 29.18 The Use of VPN Technology For Telecommuting 525 29.19 Packet Encryption Vs. Tunneling 526 29.20 Security Technologies 528 29.21 Summary 529 Chapter 30 Network Management (SNMP) 533 30.1 Introduction 533 30.2 Managing An Intranet 533 30.3 FCAPS: The Industry Standard Model 534 30.4 Example Network Elements 536 30.5 Network Management Tools 536 30.6 Network Management Applications 538 30.7 Simple Network Management Protocol 539 30.8 SNMP's Fetch-Store Paradigm 539 30.9 The SNMP MIB And Object Names 540 30.10 The Variety Of MIB Variables 541 30.11 MIB Variables That Correspond To Arrays 541 30.12 Summary 542 Chapter 31 Software Defined Networking (SDN) 545 31.1 Introduction 545 31.2 Marketing Hype And Reality 545 31.3 Motivation For A New Approach 546 31.4 Conceptual Organization Of A Network Element 548 31.5 Control Plane Modules And The Hardware Interface 549 31.6 A New Paradigm: Software Defined Networking 550 31.7 Unanswered Questions 551 31.8 Shared Controllers And Network Connections 552 31.9 SDN Communication 553 31.10 OpenFlow: A Controller-To-Element Protocol 554 31.11 Classification Engines In Switches 555 31.12 TCAM And High-Speed Classification 556 31.13 Classification Across Multiple Protocol Layers 557 31.14 TCAM Size And The Need For Multiple Patterns 557 31.15 Items OpenFlow Can Specify 558 31.16 Traditional And Extended IP Forwarding 559 31.17 End-To-End Path With MPLS Using Layer 2 560 31.18 Dynamic Rule Creation And Control Of Flows 561 31.19 A Pipeline Model For Flow Tables 562 31.20 SDN's Potential Effect On Network Vendors 563 31.21 Summary 564 Chapter 32 The Internet Of Things 567 32.1 Introduction 567 32.2 Embedded Systems 567 32.3 Choosing A Network Technology 569 32.4 Energy Harvesting 570 32.5 Low Power Wireless Communication 570 32.6 Mesh Topology 571 32.7 The ZigBee Alliance 571 32.8 802.15.4 Radios And Wireless Mesh Networks 572 32.9 Internet Connectivity And Mesh Routing 573 32.10 IPv6 In A ZigBee Mesh Network 574 32.11 The ZigBee Forwarding Paradigm 575 32.12 Other Protocols In the ZigBee Stack 576 32.13 Summary 577 Chapter 33 Trends In Networking Technologies And Uses 579 33.1 Introduction 579 33.2 The Need For Scalable Internet Services 579 33.3 Content Caching (Akamai) 580 33.4 Web Load Balancers 580 33.5 Server Virtualization 581 33.6 Peer-To-Peer Communication 581 33.7 Distributed Data Centers And Replication 582 33.8 Universal Representation (XML) 582 33.9 Social Networking 583 33.10 Mobility And Wireless Networking 583 33.11 Digital Video 583 33.12 Higher-Speed Access And Switching 584 33.13 Cloud Computing 584 33.14 Overlay Networks 584 33.15 Middleware 586 33.16 Widespread Deployment Of IPv6 586 33.17 Summary 587 Appendix 1 A Simplified Application Programming Interface 589 Index 617

Szczegóły: Computer Networks and Internets: Global Edition - Douglas Comer

Tytuł: Computer Networks and Internets: Global Edition
Autor: Douglas Comer
Producent: Pearson
ISBN: 9781292061177
Rok produkcji: 2015
Ilość stron: 672
Oprawa: Miękka
Waga: 0.82 kg

Recenzje: Computer Networks and Internets: Global Edition - Douglas Comer