Opis: How English Works - Michael Patrick Adams, Anne Curzan

This accessible introduction to the structure of English, general theories in linguistics, and important issues in sociolinguistics, is the first text written specifically for English and Education majors. This engaging introductory language/linguistics textbook provides more extensive coverage of issues of particular interest to English majors and future English instructors. It invites all students to connect academic linguistics to the everyday use of the English language around them. The book's approach taps students' natural curiosity about the English language. Through exercises and discussion questions about ongoing changes in English, How English Works asks students to become active participants in the construction of linguistic knowledge.Brief Contents Glossary Inside Front Cover Dialect Map of American English, Consonant Phonemes of American English, Vowel Phonemes of American English Inside Back Cover Brief Timeline for the History of the English Language Detailed Contents List of Symbols, Linguistic Conventions, and Common Abbreviations What's New to This Edition Preface to Instructors Letter to Students Chapter 1 A Language like English Chapter 2 Language and Authority Chapter 3 English Phonology Chapter 4 English Morphology Chapter 5 English Syntax: The Grammar of Words Chapter 6 English Syntax: Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences Chapter 7 Semantics Chapter 8 Spoken Discourse Chapter 9 Stylistics Chapter 10 Language Acquisition Chapter 11 Language Variation Chapter 12 American Dialects Chapter 13 History of English: Old to Early Modern English Chapter 14 History of English: Modern and Future English Bibliography Credits Index Detailed Table of Contents Glossary Inside Front Cover Consonant Phonemes of English, Vowel Phonemes of English, Phonetic Alphabet for American English Inside Back Cover Brief Timeline for the History of the English Language List of Symbols, Linguistic Conventions, and Common Abbreviations xviii What's New to This Edition Preface to Instructors Letter to Students Chapter 1 A Language Like English The Story of Aks Language, Language Everywhere The Power of Language Name Calling Judging by Ear A Question to Discuss: What Makes Us Hear an Accent? The System of Language Arbitrariness and Systematicity A Scholar to Know: Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) Creativity Grammar Linguistics Human Language versus Animal Communication Birds and Bees Chimps and Bonobos Distinctive Characteristics of Human Language The Process of Language Change Language Genealogies A Question to Discuss: Can Your Language Peeves Be Rethought? Mechanics of Language Change Progress or Decay? Special Focus: Attitudes about Language Change Summary Suggested Reading Exercises Chapter 2 Language and Authority Who Is in Control? Language Academies Language Mavens A Question to Discuss: Does the SAT Know Good Grammar from Bad? Defining Standard English Descriptive versus Prescriptive Grammar Rules Case Study One: Multiple Negatives Case Study Two: Ain't Case Study Three: Who and Whom The Status of Prescriptive Rules Spoken versus Written Language A Question to Discuss: Are We Losing Our Memories? Dictionaries of English The Earliest Dictionaries of English The Beginnings of Modern Lexicography Historical Lexicography American Lexicography A Question to Discuss: Should Dictionaries Ever Prescribe? English Grammar, Usage, and Style The Earliest Usage Books Prescriptive versus Descriptive Tendencies in Grammars of English Modern Approaches to English Usage Special Focus: Corpus Linguistics Brief History of Corpus Linguistics Applications of Corpus Linguistics in the Twenty-first Century Summary Suggested Reading Exercises Chapter 3 English Phonology Phonetics and Phonology The Anatomy of Speech The International Phonetic Alphabet English Consonants Stops Fricatives Language Change at Work: Is /h/ Disappearing from English? Affricates A Question to Discuss: Does English Have Initial or Final /Z/? Nasals Liquids and Glides Syllabic Consonants English Vowels Front Vowels Back Vowels Central Vowels Diphthongs Language Change at Work: The cot/caught and pin/pen Mergers Natural Classes Phonemes and Allophones Sample Allophones Minimal Pairs Phonological Rules Assimilation Deletion Insertion Metathesis Language Change at Work: Is larynx Undergoing Metathesis? Syllables and Phonotactic Constraints Perception of Sound Special Focus: History of English Spelling Should English Spelling Be Reformed? Summary Suggested Reading Exercises Chapter 4 English Morphology Morphology Open and Closed Classes of Morphemes A Question to Discuss: Exceptions to the Closedness of Closed Classes? Bound and Free Morphemes Inflectional and Derivational Bound Morphemes Inflectional Morphemes Derivational Morphemes Language Change at Work: The Origins of Inflectional -s Affixes and Combining Forms Morphology Trees A Question to Discuss: What about Complex Words That Seem to Have Only One Morpheme? Ways of Forming English Words Combining Language Change at Work: Where do Contractions Fit In? Shortening A Question to Discuss: Is It Clipping or Backformation? Language Change at Work: Alice in Wonderland and the Portmanteau Blending Shifting Language Change at Work: Success Rates for New Words Reanalysis, Eggcorns, and Folk Etymology Reduplication Frequency of Different Word-Formation Processes Borrowing and the Multicultural Vocabulary of English A Question to Discuss: What's Wrong with amorality? Special Focus: Slang and Creativity Summary Suggested Reading Exercises Chapter 5 English Syntax: The Grammar of Words Syntax and Lexical Categories Open-Class Lexical Categories Nouns Adjectives Language Change at Work: Is It fish or fishes, oxen or oxes? A Question to Discuss: Am I Good or Well? Verbs A Question to Discuss: Did I Lie Down or Lay Down? Adverbs Closed-Class Lexical Categories Prepositions Conjunctions A Question to Discuss: What Is the up in call up? Pronouns Language Change at Work: Himself, Hisself, Hisownself Determiners Auxiliary Verbs Challenges to Categorization The Suffix -ing Noun Modifiers Yes and No A Question to Discuss: What Can Phonology Reveal about Modifying -ing Forms? Special Focus: Descriptive Syntax and Prescriptive Rules Hopefully Split Infinitive Sentence-Final Prepositions Its/It's Singular Generic They Summary Suggested Reading Exercises Chapter 6 English Syntax: Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences Generative Grammar Universal Grammar A Scholar to Know: Noam Chomsky (1928- ) Constituents and Hierarchies Constituent Hierarchies Clauses and Sentences Constituency Tests Phrase Structure Rules Form and Function Clause Types Basic Phrase Structure Trees Complex Phrase Structure Trees Adverbial Clauses Relative Clauses Language Change at Work: Which Is It, Which or That? Complementizer Clauses Reduced Subordinate Clauses Infinitive Phrases Gerund and Participial Phrases Tense and Auxiliaries A Question to Discuss: What Is the It in "It Is Raining"? Transformations Wh- Questions Negation Yes-No Questions Passive Constructions A Question to Discuss: How Did This Passive Sentence Get Constructed? Relative Pronoun Deletion Does Generative Grammar Succeed? Special Focus: Syntax and Prescriptive Grammar Sentence Fragments and Run-on Sentences Colons, Semicolons, and Comma Splices Dangling Participles Summary Suggested Reading Exercises Chapter 7 Semantics Semantics The Limits of Reference The Role of Cognition The Role of Linguistic Context A Question to Discuss: How Do Function Words Mean? The Role of Physical and Cultural Context Language Change at Work: The Formation of Idioms A Brief History of Theories of Reference Deixis Plato and Forms Repairing Plato From Reference to Discourse From Reference to Translation Lexical Fields Hyponym to Homonym (and Other Nyms) Hyponymy Meronymy Synonymy Antonymy Homonymy A Question to Discuss: Does the Thesaurus Have a Bad Name? Organization of the Mental Lexicon Prototype Semantics Lexical Prototype Semantics Analogical Mapping Conceptual Metaphor The Intersection of Semantics, Syntax, and Discourse Projection Rules How Sentences Mean Sentences and Context Processes of Semantic Change Generalization and Specialization Metaphorical Extension Euphemism and Dysphemism Pejoration and Amelioration Linguistic Relativity Special Focus: Politically Correct Language Summary Suggested Reading Exercises Chapter 8 Spoken Discourse Defining Discourse Analysis Speech Act Theory: Accomplishing Things with Words Scho

Szczegóły: How English Works - Michael Patrick Adams, Anne Curzan

Tytuł: How English Works
Autor: Michael Patrick Adams, Anne Curzan
Producent: Pearson
ISBN: 9781292026527
Rok produkcji: 2013
Ilość stron: 565
Oprawa: Miękka
Waga: 1.17 kg

Recenzje: How English Works - Michael Patrick Adams, Anne Curzan