Opis: Elevated Carbon Dioxide - M. B. Kirkham

Between 1958 and 2008, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increased from 316 to 385 ppm. Continued increases in CO2 concentration will significantly affect long-term climate change, including variations in agricultural yields. Focusing on this critical issue, Elevated Carbon Dioxide: Impacts on Soil and Plant Water Relations presents research conducted on field-grown sorghum, winter wheat, and rangeland plants under elevated CO2. It describes specific results from pioneering experiments performed over a seven-year period in the Evapotranspiration Laboratory at Kansas State University, along with experiments appearing in peer-reviewed journal articles. Select articles from the literature serve as examples in the text. For each paper discussed, the author includes the common and scientific name of the plant under investigation. For each experiment, the author provides the type of soil used (if given in the original article) and general conditions of the experiment. All references are carefully documented so that readers can easily find the original source. The first chapter of the book deals with drought, the three types of photosynthesis, and how water moves through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. With a focus on soil, the next several chapters discuss the composition of the soil atmosphere, the interaction of elevated CO2 with physical factors that affect root growth, variable oxygen concentration of soil, and when the atmosphere above soil is elevated with CO2. The author goes on to examine the use of carbon isotope ratios in plant science; the effects of elevated CO2 on plant water, osmotic, and turgor potentials; and stomata under elevated CO2, including stomatal conductance and density. The text also explains the effects of elevated CO2 on transpiration and evapotranspiration, explores historical aspects of water use efficiency, compares C3 and C4 plants under elevated CO2, and details the advantages of C4 photosynthesis. The concluding chapters cover plant anatomy, the effects of elevated CO2 on phenology, and measures of plant growth. How have plants responded to increased levels of atmospheric CO2? Are some plants reacting better than others? Drawing on a host of scientific studies, this text explores how rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere have impacted water in plants and soils. "Plenty has been written about concerns over elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere, but a Kansas State University researcher has found an upside to the higher CO2 levels. And it's been particularly relevant in light of drought that overspread the area in recent months. ... The research showed that sorghum and winter wheat used water more efficiently as a result of the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. ... Studies done subsequent to the early work confirmed the findings." -Mary Lou Peter, K-State Today, March 26, 2013 "This meticulously detailed work describes the literature surrounding plant and soil response to drought and elevated CO^D[2. ... Attractive features are the frequent diversions to review the history and fundamental science behind topics under discussion. The volume includes brief biographies of persons of historical importance in the field at the end of each chapter, as well as over 200 high-quality figures. ... Summing Up: Recommended." - CHOICE Magazine, May 2012 "This is a book for the specialist/researcher though the explanation of principles, the many examples, and the considerable bibliography also constitute a valuable resource for lecturers. Moreover, the considerable detail on theory and practice is a welcome addition to the global warming literature which is sometimes based more on rhetoric than on tact but at GBP82 it will likely only be a library purchase and then only in a limited number of libraries." - Bulletin of the British Ecological Society, 2011Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Drought Introduction Predictions Photosynthesis of C3 and C4 Plants Photosynthesis of CAM Plants Field Studies with Crops Controlled Environment Studies with Crops Trees Gymnosperm versus Angiosperm Trees CAM Plant Salinity Elevated Carbon Dioxide in the Soil: Composition of the Soil Atmosphere Introduction Composition of the Soil Atmosphere Organic Matter Rainfall, Irrigation, and Flooding Elevated Carbon Dioxide in the Soil: Interaction with the Soil Physical Factors That Affect Root Growth Introduction Soil Water Soil Compaction Soil Temperature Elevated Carbon Dioxide in the Soil: Variable Oxygen Concentration and Root Growth Introduction Variable Oxygen Concentration in the Soil Variation in Species Soil versus Root Evolution of CO2 Limiting Concentration of Oxygen Maximum CO2 in Soil That Allows Crop Growth Movement of Gases Up and Down a Plant Elevated Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere: Interaction with the Soil Physical Factors That Affect Root Growth Introduction Soil Water Soil Compaction Soil Temperature Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Root Growth Introduction Field Studies with Sorghum and Wheat Controlled-Environment Studies with Wheat Soybeans, Tepary Bean, Bush Bean, Barley, and Cotton Horticultural Crops Pasture Plants Native Grasses Carbon Isotope Ratios of Plants with Different Photosynthetic Pathways Trees C3 and C4 Crops Compared CAM Plants Root-to-Shoot Ratios Root Restriction Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Plant Water Potential, Osmotic Potential, and Turgor Potential Introduction Wheat Grassland Plants Soybeans Peas Trees Stress Relaxation Native Herbs Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Stomatal Conductance Introduction Leaf Resistances Units Factors That Control Stomatal Movements Stomatal Conductance and Elevated CO2 C3 and C4 Plants Compared Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Stomatal Density Introduction Woodward's 1987 Discovery: Stomatal Density Decreases with Increasing CO2 Concentration Importance of Herbariums to Study the Historical Record of Stomata Confirmation of the 1987 Discovery Contradictions to the 1987 Discovery: No Effect of Elevated CO2 on Stomatal Density Brown and Escombe's Diameter Law Amphistomatous and Hypostomatous Leaves Sensitivity of Stomata to CO2 Studies since Woodward's 1987 Discovery Studies of Fossil Plants Stomatal Anatomy and Elevated CO2 How Does Stomatal Density Change with CO2 Concentration? Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Transpiration and Evapotranspiration Introduction Transpiration under Greenhouse Conditions Carbon Dioxide Enrichment in Greenhouses Ethylene Transpiration under Elevated CO2 Evapotranspiration-General Principles Evapotranspiration under Elevated CO2 Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Water Use Efficiency Introduction Definitions and Historical Aspects of Efficient Water Use Water Requirement of C3 and C4 Plants Water Use Efficiency under Elevated CO2 Water Use Efficiency of Fossil and Herbarium Plants Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: C3 and C4 Plants Introduction C3 versus C4 Photosynthesis Advantage of C4 Photosynthesis Dry Matter Production of C3 and C4 Plants Evolution of C4 Plants C3 and C4 Plants under Elevated CO2 Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Plant Anatomy Introduction Leaves Comparison of C3 and C4 Leaves Leaf Ultrastructure Wood Anatomy and Density under Variable CO2 Concentrations Wood Anatomy under Variable Precipitation and Ambient CO2 Internal Leaf Characteristics of C3 and C4 Plants under Ambient CO2 Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Phenology Introduction Phenology Wheat Physiology and Phenology Methods to Determine Crop Development Q10, Degree-Day Concept and Heat Units Growth Stages of Wheat as Affected by Elevated CO2 Phenology under Elevated CO2 Questions to Be Answered about Elevated CO2 and Phenology Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Growth and Yield Introduction Wheat Rice Barley Oats Soybean Cotton Horticultural Crops Pasture and Grassland Plants Marsh Plants Herbs and Weeds CAM Plants Deciduous Trees Evergreen Trees and Shrubs Temperature Free-Air CO2 Exchange Studies Harvest Index Quality Yield Epilogue References Index A Summary appears at the end of each chapter.

Szczegóły: Elevated Carbon Dioxide - M. B. Kirkham

Tytuł: Elevated Carbon Dioxide
Autor: M. B. Kirkham
Producent: CRC Press Inc.
ISBN: 9781439855041
Rok produkcji: 2011
Ilość stron: 415
Oprawa: Twarda
Waga: 0.92 kg

Recenzje: Elevated Carbon Dioxide - M. B. Kirkham